Making Sense of Shoulder Exercise: Measuring the Accuracy of an Artificial Intelligence Model to Classify Shoulder Exercise via Wearable Sensors Among People With and Without Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy.

This study aimed to compare the accuracy of machine learning classification for three commonly prescribed shoulder exercises in people with and without rotator cuff tendinopathy. Eighteen participants with rotator cuff tendinopathy (mean age 54.2, SD 13.2; 50% female), followed by eighteen matched c...

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Publicado en:European Journal of Sport Science Vol. 26; no. 5; pp. 1 - 14
Autores principales: Naunton, Josh, Jiang, Yanran, Bini, Rodrigo, Kidgell, Dawson, Bennell, Kim, Haines, Terry, Kulić, Dana, Malliaras, Peter
Formato: pictorial research tables/charts Journal Article
Publicado: Wiley-Blackwell May2026
Acceso en línea:Ver este registro en EBSCOhost
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      dt: May2026
      vid: 26
      iid: 5
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      pub: Wiley-Blackwell
      place: Malden, Massachusetts
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        10.1002/ejsc.70167
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        atl: Making Sense of Shoulder Exercise: Measuring the Accuracy of an Artificial Intelligence Model to Classify Shoulder Exercise via Wearable Sensors Among People With and Without Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy.
      aug:
        au:
          Naunton, Josh
          Jiang, Yanran
          Bini, Rodrigo
          Kidgell, Dawson
          Bennell, Kim
          Haines, Terry
          Kulić, Dana
          Malliaras, Peter
        affil: Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash Musculoskeletal Research Unit (MMRU), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
      sug:
        subj:
          Rotator Cuff Injuries Rehabilitation
          Tendinopathy Rehabilitation
          Shoulder Physiology
          Therapeutic Exercise Methods
          Wearable Sensors
          Machine Learning Algorithms Classification
          Artificial Intelligence Classification
          Models, Theoretical
          Sensitivity and Specificity
          Human
          Adult
          Middle Age
          Aged
          Male
          Female
          Prospective Studies
          Nonrandomized Trials
          Nonexperimental Studies
          Case Control Studies
          Descriptive Statistics
          Muscle Strength
          Accelerometry
          Random Forest
          Convolutional Neural Networks
          Concurrent Validity
          Comparative Studies
          Wrist
          Arm
          Torso
          T-Tests
          Parametric Statistics
          Mann-Whitney U Test
          Nonparametric Statistics
          Data Analysis Software
          Adult: 19-44 years
          Middle Aged: 45-64 years
          Aged: 65+ years
          Male
          Female
      ab: This study aimed to compare the accuracy of machine learning classification for three commonly prescribed shoulder exercises in people with and without rotator cuff tendinopathy. Eighteen participants with rotator cuff tendinopathy (mean age 54.2, SD 13.2; 50% female), followed by eighteen matched controls completed a laboratory‐based shoulder strength testing protocol. Three exercises were performed (shoulder press, lateral raise and bent over row) while wearing three inertial measurement (IMU) sensors (Axivity, Ax6 ‐ 3 axis accelerometry and gyroscope at 100 Hz and 1000°/sec respectively) positioned on the wrist arm and trunk. Data were analysed and accuracy was compared between common machine learning algorithms for those with rotator cuff tendinopathy and healthy matched controls in a subject‐dependent and subject‐independent model. The best accuracy scores for the subject‐dependent results were achieved by a random forest algorithm; 96.12% (3‐sensor combined system) for those with rotator cuff tendinopathy. For the subject‐independent results best accuracy scores were achieved by a convolutional neural network algorithm; 94.55% (3‐sensors) for the healthy controls without shoulder pain. K‐fold cross validation confusion matrix results by exercise type for the entire cohort show 97% accuracy (shoulder press), 95.5% (lateral raise) and 90.7% (bent over row) (3‐sensors, CNN subject‐independent analysis). Machine learning classification of 3 different shoulder exercises in people with rotator cuff tendinopathy and matched healthy controls demonstrate most accurate results using a CNN algorithm for subject‐independent analysis and a RF algorithm for subject‐dependent analysis. Results were similar for both those with rotator cuff tendinopathy and their matched healthy controls. Highlights: Shoulder exercise can be classified with good accuracy scores using an inertial measurement unit (IMU) accelerometer and gyroscope sensor placed on the wrist.Subject‐dependent and subject‐independent models demonstrate comparable results depending on the chosen machine learning algorithm.Exercise classification based on a wearable IMU shows similar results between those with rotator cuff tendinopathy and matched healthy controls without shoulder pain.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype:
        pictorial
        research
        tables/charts
        Journal Article
      ougenre: Article
    language: English
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