Prevalence, Risk, and Protective Factors of Internet Addiction Among Left-Behind Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The internet addiction (IA) of left-behind children (LBC) has raised concern in China. However, the extent of LBC's susceptibility to IA remains a subject of debate, and a comprehensive understanding of the associated risk and protective factors is lacking. This systematic review and meta-analysis a...

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Published in:International Journal of Mental Health & Addiction Vol. 24; no. 2; pp. 1137 - 1159
Main Authors: Zhang, Yu, Sun, Weiyi, Chao, Miao, Gu, Lijia, Yang, Haibo
Format: Literature Review
Published: Springer Nature Apr2026
Subjects:
Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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        atl: Prevalence, Risk, and Protective Factors of Internet Addiction Among Left-Behind Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
      aug:
        au:
          Zhang, Yu
          Sun, Weiyi
          Chao, Miao
          Gu, Lijia
          Yang, Haibo
        affil:
          https://ror.org/05x2td559 Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, 300387, Tianjin, China
          https://ror.org/05x2td559 Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, 300387, Tianjin, China
          Tianjin Key Laboratory of Student Mental Health and Intelligence Assessment, 300387, Tianjin, China
          https://ror.org/0435tej63 Department of Psychology, Shaoxing University, 321000, Shaoxing, China
      su:
        China
        Internet addiction
        Disease risk factors
        Rural children
        Protective factors
        Disease prevalence
        Evidence synthesis
      sug:
        subj:
          Internet addiction
          Disease risk factors
          Rural children
          Protective factors
          China
          Disease prevalence
          Evidence synthesis
      keyword:
        Internet Addiction
        Left-Behind Children
        Medical and Health Sciences Public Health and Health Services
        Meta-Analysis
        Protective Factor
        Risk Factor
        Internet Addiction
        Left-Behind Children
        Medical and Health Sciences Public Health and Health Services
        Meta-Analysis
        Protective Factor
        Risk Factor
      ab: The internet addiction (IA) of left-behind children (LBC) has raised concern in China. However, the extent of LBC's susceptibility to IA remains a subject of debate, and a comprehensive understanding of the associated risk and protective factors is lacking. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to summarize and synthesize the prevalence, risk, and protective factors of IA among LBC. A thorough search was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, PsycINFO, ProQuest, Scopus, the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), WanFang, and VIP, for eligible studies published before April 2024. The analysis included 38 studies on IA among LBC, comprising a total sample of 38,410 participants. The findings indicate that the prevalence of IA was 15%, with 1.37 times increase in IA risk compared to non-LBC. Maladaptive cognitions (r = 0.47, p < 0.01) and negative interpersonal relationships (r = 0.49, p < 0.01) identified as the strongest personal and social risk factors. Conversely, positive emotions/mood (r = -0.33, p < 0.01) and positive interpersonal relationships (r = -0.16, p < 0.01) were identified as the most significant personal and social protective factors. It is essential to develop targeted prevention and intervention strategies based on risk and protective factors to effectively address IA among LBC.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype: Literature Review
      src: R
    language: English
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