Perceived Corporate and Peer Surveillance on the Internet: Scale Development and Validation.

In today's digital society, individuals' online activities are often observed by others. When people feel like they are being watched online, they may adjust their behavior to protect their privacy. To measure such perceptions and understand their antecedents and consequences, the Perceived Surveill...

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Publicado en:CyberPsychology, Behavior & Social Networking Vol. 29; no. 5; pp. 300 - 309
Autores principales: Bartol, Jošt, Fatur, Laura, Petrovčič, Andraž
Formato: research tables/charts Journal Article
Publicado: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. May2026
Acceso en línea:Ver este registro en EBSCOhost
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      dt: May2026
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        atl: Perceived Corporate and Peer Surveillance on the Internet: Scale Development and Validation.
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          Bartol, Jošt
          Fatur, Laura
          Petrovčič, Andraž
        affil: Centre for Social Informatics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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          Peer Group
          Internet Utilization
          Attitude to Computers
          Privacy and Confidentiality
          Scales
          Instrument Construction
          Instrument Adaptation
          Instrument Validation
          Psychometrics
          Human
          Male
          Female
          Adolescence
          Adult
          Middle Age
          Aged
          Aged, 80 and Over
          Slovenia
          Validation Studies
          Construct Validity
          Factor Analysis
          Funding Source
          Internal Consistency
          Criterion-Related Validity
          Discriminant Validity
          Chi Square Test
          Coefficient alpha
          Confidence Intervals
          Sex Factors
          Age Factors
          Educational Status
          Socioeconomic Factors
          Descriptive Statistics
          Data Analysis Software
          Structural Equation Modeling
          Translations
          Trust
          Self Disclosure
          Sociodemographic Factors
          Adolescent: 13-18 years
          Adult: 19-44 years
          Middle Aged: 45-64 years
          Aged: 65+ years
          Aged, 80 & over
          Male
          Female
      ab: In today's digital society, individuals' online activities are often observed by others. When people feel like they are being watched online, they may adjust their behavior to protect their privacy. To measure such perceptions and understand their antecedents and consequences, the Perceived Surveillance Scale (PSS) has been proposed to capture individuals' perceptions of being watched in digital environments. However, the PSS focuses on surveillance by corporate actors and does not address surveillance by actors such as family members or friends. This is a significant issue, as the literature on vertical and horizontal privacy indicates that distinguishing between corporate and peer actors facilitates more insightful and comprehensive analyses of individuals' online behavior. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop a version of the PSS that captures individuals' perceived surveillance in relation to their peers. To this end, the original PSS was adapted to measure perceived peer surveillance, and then both the original and peer PSS were tested on a sample of 1,666 Internet users from Slovenia. Five distinct measurement properties were assessed for each scale: structural validity, internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity, measurement invariance, and construct validity (15 hypotheses per scale). The results revealed that corporate and peer PSSs measure two distinct types of perceived surveillance. Both scales exhibited excellent psychometric properties, with only minor deviations. Overall, the study provides a valid and reliable version of the PSS for peer contexts and highlights the value of distinguishing between perceived corporate and peer surveillance in digital environments.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype:
        research
        tables/charts
        Journal Article
      ougenre: Article
    language: English
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