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Sex Differences in Spatiotemporal Consistency and Effective Connectivity of the Precuneus in Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been reported to exhibit altered local functional consistency. However, previous studies mainly focused on male samples and explored the temporal consistency in the ASD brain ignoring the spatial consistency. In this study, FOur-dimensional Consistency of local neu...

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Published in:Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders Vol. 56; no. 5; pp. 1952 - 1966
Main Authors: Gao, Le, Zhang, Tengda, Zhang, Yigeng, Liu, Junfeng, Guo, Xiaonan
Format: diagnostic images equations & formulas research tables/charts Journal Article
Published: Springer Nature May2026
Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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      dt: May2026
      vid: 56
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      pub: Springer Nature
      place: New York, New York
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        10.1007/s10803-024-06696-6
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        atl: Sex Differences in Spatiotemporal Consistency and Effective Connectivity of the Precuneus in Autism Spectrum Disorder.
      aug:
        au:
          Gao, Le
          Zhang, Tengda
          Zhang, Yigeng
          Liu, Junfeng
          Guo, Xiaonan
        affil: https://ror.org/02txfnf15 School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, 066004, Qinhuangdao, China
      sug:
        subj:
          Functional Connectivity
          Temporal Lobe Physiology
          Parietal Lobe Physiology
          Brain Physiology
          Default Mode Network
          Magnetic Resonance Imaging Methods
          Sex Factors
          Autism Spectrum Disorder
          Human
          Child
          Adolescence
          Young Adult
          Male
          Female
          Funding Source
          Cross Sectional Studies
          Electronic Data Interchange
          Neuroradiography
          Two-Way Analysis of Variance
          Prefrontal Cortex
          Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
          White Matter
          Cerebrospinal Fluid
          Post Hoc Analysis
          Descriptive Statistics
          T-Tests
          Multiple Regression
          Nonparametric Statistics
          Child: 6-12 years
          Adolescent: 13-18 years
          Male
          Female
      ab: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been reported to exhibit altered local functional consistency. However, previous studies mainly focused on male samples and explored the temporal consistency in the ASD brain ignoring the spatial consistency. In this study, FOur-dimensional Consistency of local neural Activities (FOCA) analysis was used to investigate the sex differences of local spatiotemporal consistency of spontaneous brain activity in ASD. This study used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange database, including 64 males/64 females with ASD and 64 male/64 female neurotypical controls (NCs). Two-way analysis of variance was performed to ascertain diagnosis-by-sex interaction effects on whole brain FOCA maps. Moreover, granger causal analysis was used to investigate effective connectivity between the brain regions with interaction effects and the whole-brain in ASD. Significant diagnosis-by-sex interaction effects on FOCA were observed in the bilateral precuneus (PCUN), bilateral medial prefrontal cortex and right dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus. Specifically, FOCA was significantly increased in males with ASD but decreased in females with ASD in the PCUN compared with the sex-matched NC group. In addition, the lack of sex differences in the causal influences from the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex/medial prefrontal cortex to the PCUN was observed in ASD. Our results reveal altered sex differences in the spatiotemporal consistency of spontaneous brain activity and functional interaction of the anterior and posterior default mode network (DMN) in ASD, highlighting the critical role of the DMN in the sex heterogeneity of ASD.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype:
        diagnostic images
        equations & formulas
        research
        tables/charts
        Journal Article
      ougenre: Article
    language: English
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