Brain-Computer Interfaces for Gait Rehabilitation After Stroke: A Scoping Review.

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) represent a promising technology for restoring lower limb motor functions and gait after stroke. The application of BCIs in this field is supported by a limited number of studies. The objective of the review was to systematically and critically evaluate the current e...

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Published in:American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Vol. 105; no. 6; pp. 555 - 564
Main Authors: Mokienko, Olesya, Zisman, Maria, Bobrov, Pavel, Ustinova, Ksenia
Format: research systematic review tables/charts Journal Article
Published: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Jun2026
Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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      dt: Jun2026
      vid: 105
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      pub: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
      place: Baltimore, Maryland
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        atl: Brain-Computer Interfaces for Gait Rehabilitation After Stroke: A Scoping Review.
      aug:
        au:
          Mokienko, Olesya
          Zisman, Maria
          Bobrov, Pavel
          Ustinova, Ksenia
        affil: Center for Bioelectric Interfaces, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
      sug:
        subj:
          Stroke Complications
          Gait Disorders, Neurologic Rehabilitation
          Brain-Computer Interfaces
          Stroke Patients
          Human
          Scoping Review
          PubMed
          Motor Skills
          Activities of Daily Living
          Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
          Neuronal Plasticity
          Biofeedback
          Electroencephalography
          Electric Stimulation
          Therapeutic Exercise
          Orthoses
          Social Participation
      ab: Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) represent a promising technology for restoring lower limb motor functions and gait after stroke. The application of BCIs in this field is supported by a limited number of studies. The objective of the review was to systematically and critically evaluate the current evidence on the use of BCIs for lower limb function rehabilitation in stroke patients. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The inclusion criteria were as follows: studies involving adult patients with poststroke hemiparesis; implementation of noninvasive BCIs specifically targeting lower limb rehabilitation; and detailed reporting of training protocols. Quality assessment was conducted using the National Institutes of Health Study Quality Assessment Tools. Twenty-two studies were included in the analysis with the following results. Electroencephalography-based BCIs integrated with functional electrical stimulation of muscles (EEG-BCI-FES) represent the most extensively investigated technology in this field, with efficacy and safety demonstrated in 3 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 1 non-RCT. BCI systems integrated with mechanical devices have been less studied, with evidence from 2 RCTs, while systems with only visual feedback have also been evaluated in 2 RCTs. For BCIs with exoskeletons, only technical feasibility has been demonstrated. Further research is needed to optimize training protocols and study the long-term effects of using BCI for rehabilitation.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype:
        research
        systematic review
        tables/charts
        Journal Article
      ougenre: Article
    language: English
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