| Sumario: | Simple Summary: Immunotherapy has become part of the main treatment for non-small cell lung cancer. However, it pertains with immunotherapy-related inflammation of the lungs, an uncommon but potentially life-threatening side effect. Identification of patients at risk, early detection, and treatment of this inflammation is crucial in improving symptoms and reducing death rates. In this article, we aim to find the real-life incidence rate of this side effect and review studies with risk factors and early detection methods to help in early recognition and treatment decision-making related to this uncommon but serious immunotherapy-related lung inflammation. It is well-known that immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can lead to uncommon but potentially life-threatening immune-related adverse events (irAEs) such as checkpoint-inhibitor pneumonitis (CIP). Early recognition, identification, and treatment are crucial with regard to decreasing toxicity from ICIs. However, there is a discrepancy in the incidence rates between the clinical trials and postmarketing studies. Several postmarketing studies have developed early detection methods and identified new risk factors in developing CIP. Thus, in this narrative review, we aim to review these incidence rates, early detection methods, and clinical risk factors for CIP in NSCLC patients, which could help to improve CIP diagnosis and management for enhanced NSCLC care. Major clinical trials and postmarketing studies of CIP incidence, early detection methods, and risk factors in NSCLC were reviewed. A wide array of potential risk factors has been implicated in the development of CIP in NSCLC, such as having preexisting interstitial lung disease, receiving PD-1 inhibitors, receiving combination ICI therapy instead of ICI monotherapy, lower pretreatment hemoglobin and albumin levels, increased baseline plasma IL-8 levels, and impaired baseline pulmonary function.
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