Deep Learning-Based 3D and 2D Approaches for Skeletal Muscle Segmentation on Low-Dose CT Images.

Automated segmentation of skeletal muscle from computed tomography (CT) images is essential for large-scale quantitative body composition analysis. However, manual segmentation is time-consuming and impractical for routine or high-throughput use. This study presents a systematic comparison of two-di...

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Published in:Journal of Imaging Informatics in Medicine Vol. 39; no. 3; pp. 2110 - 2123
Main Authors: Timpano, Giuseppe, Veltri, Pierangelo, Vizza, Patrizia, Cascini, Giuseppe Lucio, Manti, Francesco
Format: diagnostic images equations & formulas research tables/charts Journal Article
Published: Springer Nature Jun2026
Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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      dt: Jun2026
      vid: 39
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      pub: Springer Nature
      place: New York, New York
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        10.1007/s10278-025-01646-9
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        atl: Deep Learning-Based 3D and 2D Approaches for Skeletal Muscle Segmentation on Low-Dose CT Images.
      aug:
        au:
          Timpano, Giuseppe
          Veltri, Pierangelo
          Vizza, Patrizia
          Cascini, Giuseppe Lucio
          Manti, Francesco
        affil: https://ror.org/0530bdk91 Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
      sug:
        subj:
          Muscle, Skeletal Radiography
          Lumbar Vertebrae Radiography
          Tomography, X-Ray Computed
          Image Processing, Computer Assisted
          Radiation Dosage
          Imaging, Three-Dimensional
          Deep Learning Evaluation
          Sensitivity and Specificity
          Human
          Comparative Studies
          Paired T-Tests
          Effect Size
          Descriptive Statistics
          Data Analysis Software
          Computer Simulation
          Algorithms
      ab: Automated segmentation of skeletal muscle from computed tomography (CT) images is essential for large-scale quantitative body composition analysis. However, manual segmentation is time-consuming and impractical for routine or high-throughput use. This study presents a systematic comparison of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) deep learning architectures for segmenting skeletal muscle at the anatomically standardized level of the third lumbar vertebra (L3) in low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) scans. We implemented and evaluated the DeepLabv3+ (2D) and UNet3+ (3D) architectures on a curated dataset of 537 LDCT scans, applying preprocessing protocols, L3 slice selection, and region of interest extraction. The model performance was evaluated using a comprehensive set of evaluation metrics, including Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and 95th percentile Hausdorff distance (HD95). DeepLabv3+ achieved the highest segmentation accuracy (DSC = 0.982 ± 0.010, HD95 = 1.04 ± 0.46 mm), while UNet3+ showed competitive performance (DSC = 0.967 ± 0.013, HD95 = 1.27 ± 0.58 mm) with 26 times fewer parameters (1.27 million vs. 33.6 million) and lower inference time. Both models exceeded or matched results reported in the recent CT-based muscle segmentation literature. This work offers practical insights into architecture selection for automated LDCT-based muscle segmentation workflows, with a focus on the L3 vertebral level, which remains the gold standard in muscle quantification protocols.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype:
        diagnostic images
        equations & formulas
        research
        tables/charts
        Journal Article
      ougenre: Article
    language: English
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