They Hold Me Back: The Dynamic Interplay of Parental Discouragement of Exploration, Parental Metaemotion and Adolescent's Sense of Agency.

Introduction: Adolescence is a critical developmental period characterized by increasing needs for autonomy and identity exploration. However, limited research has examined how adolescents perceived parental discouragement of exploration over time. Methods: This study examined the stability and chan...

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Publicado en:Journal of Adolescence Vol. 98; no. 4; pp. 1374 - 1383
Autores principales: Nunes, Filipa, Mota, Catarina Pinheiro, Ferreira, Tiago, Schoon, Ingrid, Matos, Paula Mena
Formato: Artículo
Publicado: Wiley-Blackwell Jun2026
Materias:
Acceso en línea:Ver este registro en EBSCOhost
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      dt: Jun2026
      vid: 98
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      pub: Wiley-Blackwell
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        194296067
        10.1002/jad.70148
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        atl: They Hold Me Back: The Dynamic Interplay of Parental Discouragement of Exploration, Parental Metaemotion and Adolescent's Sense of Agency.
      aug:
        au:
          Nunes, Filipa
          Mota, Catarina Pinheiro
          Ferreira, Tiago
          Schoon, Ingrid
          Matos, Paula Mena
        affil:
          Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto Portugal,, Portugal
          Center for Psychology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
          Escola de Ciências Humanas e Sociais – Polo I, University of Trás‐os‐Montes and Alto Douro – UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
          RISE Health UTAD – Health Research Network, Porto, Portugal
          Social Research Institute, University College London (UCL), London, UK
      su:
        Parent-child relationships
        Human research subjects
        Developmental psychology
        Parenting
        Adolescence
        Control (Psychology)
        Sense of agency
      sug:
        subj:
          Parent-child relationships
          Human research subjects
          Developmental psychology
          Parenting
          Adolescence
          Control (Psychology)
          Sense of agency
      keyword:
        exploration
        late adolescence
        latent growth curve
        metaemotion
        parental discouragement
        sense of personal agency
        exploration
        late adolescence
        latent growth curve
        metaemotion
        parental discouragement
        sense of personal agency
      ab: Introduction: Adolescence is a critical developmental period characterized by increasing needs for autonomy and identity exploration. However, limited research has examined how adolescents perceived parental discouragement of exploration over time. Methods: This study examined the stability and change in adolescents' perceptions of parental discouragement of exploration, how these trajectories are shaped by parental metaemotion, and the bidirectional interplay between perceived discouragement and adolescents' sense of agency. A sample of 148 Portuguese adolescents (Mage = 15.47, SD = 0.63) and their parents participated across three assessment waves over 18 months. Adolescents (72.3% female, 27.7% male) reported on maternal and paternal discouragement of exploration and on their sense of agency, while parents provided baseline reports of metaemotion. Results: Latent growth curve analyses revealed that adolescents' perceptions of both maternal and paternal discouragement increased over time, with significant variability between individuals. Higher parental metaemotion was associated with slower growth in perceived discouragement, highlighting its protective role in maintaining supportive parent–adolescent relationships. Adolescents with a stronger baseline agency perceived less parental discouragement, and increases in discouragement over time predicted lower agency at follow‐up, indicating a reciprocal dynamic. These findings suggest that adolescents' interpretations of parental behaviors are shaped jointly by parents' emotional attunement and adolescents' own sense of personal agency. Conclusion: The study offers novel insights into the dynamic and reciprocal processes through which family relationships and adolescent self‐development co‐evolve. The findings underscore the importance of family‐focused interventions that consider the mutual influence between parent–child relationship processes and the development of adolescent agency.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype: Article
      src: R
    language: English
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