Direct and Indirect Costs per Visit for Elderly Patients and Their Caretakers Receiving Complete Dentures in Health Region 9, Thailand.
Objectives: To estimate direct and indirect costs per visit for elderly patients and their caretakers receiving complete dentures in Health Region 9, Thailand. Method: This cross-sectional household cost analysis collected data through a structured questionnaire with 346 elderly patient–caretaker pa...
| Publicado en: | Health Services Insights Vol. 19; pp. 1 - 13 |
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| Autores principales: | , , , , , |
| Formato: | research tables/charts Journal Article |
| Publicado: |
Sage Publications Inc.
6/5/2026
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| Acceso en línea: | Ver este registro en EBSCOhost |
| fields | @attributes: recordID: 1 pdfLink: plink: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=194356945&site=ehost-live header: @attributes: shortDbName: ccm uiTerm: 194356945 longDbName: CINAHL Complete uiTag: AN controlInfo: bkinfo: dissinfo: jinfo: jid: 11786329 B10H jtl: Health Services Insights issn: 11786329 maglogo: Y pubinfo: dt: 6/5/2026 vid: 19 pid: 344 pub: Sage Publications Inc. place: Thousand Oaks, California artinfo: ui: 194356945 194356945 194356945 10.1177/11786329261458508 194356945 ppf: 1 ppct: 12 formats: fmt: – @attributes: type: T – @attributes: type: P tig: atl: Direct and Indirect Costs per Visit for Elderly Patients and Their Caretakers Receiving Complete Dentures in Health Region 9, Thailand. aug: au: Phimha, Surachai Sirikarn, Prapassara Rattanachariya, Nawaporn Pinsuwan, Chanaporn Sirichan, Kannika Noysuwan, Norraphat affil: Department of Public Health Administration, Health Promotion, and Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen Province, Thailand sug: subj: Mouth, Edentulous Therapy Denture, Complete Economics Health Care Costs Evaluation Caregivers Dental Care for Older Persons Human Male Female Middle Age Aged Aged, 80 and Over Cross Sectional Studies Thailand Tertiary Health Care Multicenter Studies Random Sample Structured Interview Structured Questionnaires Sociodemographic Factors Descriptive Statistics Data Analysis Software Confidence Intervals Health Expenditures Transportation Economics Meals Economics Middle Aged: 45-64 years Aged: 65+ years Aged, 80 & over Male Female ab: Objectives: To estimate direct and indirect costs per visit for elderly patients and their caretakers receiving complete dentures in Health Region 9, Thailand. Method: This cross-sectional household cost analysis collected data through a structured questionnaire with 346 elderly patient–caretaker pairs at three tertiary hospitals in Health Region 9 between September 2024 and February 2025. Costs were reported as means with 95% confidence intervals estimated using the bootstrap method. Results: The mean realized cash loss per visit was 148.23 PPP-USD (95% CI: 117.11 to 179.34). Costs explicitly attributed to patients accounted for 46.9% of the total cash losses (69.57 PPP-USD, 95% CI: 37.29 to 101.84), comprising out-of-pocket medical expenses (42.71 PPP-USD) and actual income loss (26.86 PPP-USD). Caretakers incurred 37.6% of total costs (55.76 PPP-USD, 95% CI: 53.08 to 58.44), strictly from foregone earnings driven by significant time spent at the hospital (averaging 6.3 hours per visit). Shared out-of-pocket non-medical costs, such as transportation and meals, accounted for the remaining 15.5% (22.90 PPP-USD, 95% CI: 20.33 to 25.47). Sensitivity analyses valuing unpaid time demonstrated a substantially broader economic burden. Conclusion: Although patients bear the majority of out-of-pocket expenses for treatment, caretakers face substantial actual income loss and prolonged visit durations. Health policies supporting household expenses and the adoption of service delivery innovations to improve clinic efficiency are needed to minimize these time requirements and realized cash losses. pubtype: Academic Journal doctype: research tables/charts Journal Article ougenre: Article language: English refInfo: holdings: @attributes: islocal: N |
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