Gait adaptability training for individuals with non-progressive neurological conditions: a scoping review of intervention characteristics and outcome measures.

Importance Gait adaptability is essential for safe walking. Impairments after non-progressive neurological conditions contribute to walking limitations and fall risk. Advances in virtual/augmented reality-based treadmills/walkways have increased interest in gait adaptability assessment and training,...

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Published in:PTJ: Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Journal Vol. 106; no. 5; pp. 1 - 15
Main Authors: Cesca, Nicole, Heffernan, Matthew G, Winokur, Sydney, Chan, Katherine, Pujol-Fuentes, Clara, Musselman, Kristin E
Format: research systematic review tables/charts Journal Article
Published: Oxford University Press / USA May2026
Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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      dt: May2026
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      pub: Oxford University Press / USA
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        atl: Gait adaptability training for individuals with non-progressive neurological conditions: a scoping review of intervention characteristics and outcome measures.
      aug:
        au:
          Cesca, Nicole
          Heffernan, Matthew G
          Winokur, Sydney
          Chan, Katherine
          Pujol-Fuentes, Clara
          Musselman, Kristin E
        affil: Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaKITE—Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
      sug:
        subj:
          Nervous System Diseases Symptoms
          Nervous System Diseases Rehabilitation
          Gait Training Methods
          Adaptation, Physiological
          Treatment Outcomes Evaluation
          Gait Analysis
          Task Performance and Analysis
          Human
          Scoping Review
          Rehabilitation Patients
          Nervous System Diseases Pathology
          Balance, Postural
          Accidental Falls Risk Factors
          Accidental Falls Prevention and Control
          CINAHL Database
          Embase
          Medline
          Physiotherapy Evidence Database
          Checklists
          Stroke
          Spinal Cord Injuries
          Brain Injuries
          Treadmills
          Gait Training Equipment and Supplies
          Walking Speed
          Exercise Test
          Funding Source
          Male
          Female
          Adult
          Descriptive Statistics
          Adult: 19-44 years
          Male
          Female
      ab: Importance Gait adaptability is essential for safe walking. Impairments after non-progressive neurological conditions contribute to walking limitations and fall risk. Advances in virtual/augmented reality-based treadmills/walkways have increased interest in gait adaptability assessment and training, making a review timely. Objective The objectives were as follows: (1) Explore the characteristics and outcomes of physical interventions used to improve gait adaptability for individuals with non-progressive neurological conditions; and (2) Identify the outcome measures and tasks used to track changes with interventions incorporating gait adaptability training. Data Sources A comprehensive search was conducted in 6 databases: CINAHL Complete, Embase, Emcare Nursing, Medline ALL, PEDro, and Web of Science Core Collection, from inception to September 8, 2025. Study Selection Studies that involved adults with non-progressive neurological conditions, incorporated walking with environmental/task changes, targeted gait adaptability, and included >2 training sessions were included. Data Extraction and Synthesis Study/participant characteristics, interventions, and outcomes were extracted. Methodological quality was assessed using the Modified Downs and Black checklist. Interventions were categorized into 6 groups, and their alignment with 9 gait adaptability domains was evaluated. Outcome measures were identified and classified based on relevance to gait adaptability. Results Twenty-nine studies (881 participants: 743 stroke, 132 spinal cord injury, 6 acquired brain injury) were included. The most common interventions were skilled overground/community walking and treadmill training with virtual/augmented reality. Obstacle negotiation was the most frequently targeted gait adaptability domain. Interventions that incorporated gait adaptability training led to improvements in walking outcomes such as speed and endurance. The most common outcome measures—10-Meter Walk Test, Timed Up and Go, and 6-Minute Walk Test—do not directly assess gait adaptability. Conclusions and Relevance Interventions that incorporated gait adaptability training included a broad range of overground and treadmill training approaches, and improved walking ability. Future trials should include measures that directly assess multiple domains of gait adaptability.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype:
        research
        systematic review
        tables/charts
        Journal Article
      ougenre: Article
    language: English
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