Machine Learning-Based Classification of Alertness Levels in Elite Shooting Athletes Using Heart Rate Variability.

This study aims to develop a predictive model for alertness levels in elite shooting athletes by analyzing heart rate variability (HRV) dynamics under simulated competitive stress. 83 national-level shooting athletes completed a 60-minute Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) protocol designed to mimic t...

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Publicado en:Journal of Sports Science & Medicine Vol. 25; no. 2; pp. 476 - 487
Autores principales: Lu, Jiaojiao, Qiu, Jun, An, Yan
Formato: research tables/charts Journal Article
Publicado: Hakan Gur, Journal of Sports Science & Medicine Jun2026
Acceso en línea:Ver este registro en EBSCOhost
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      dt: Jun2026
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      pub: Hakan Gur, Journal of Sports Science & Medicine
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        atl: Machine Learning-Based Classification of Alertness Levels in Elite Shooting Athletes Using Heart Rate Variability.
      aug:
        au:
          Lu, Jiaojiao
          Qiu, Jun
          An, Yan
        affil: School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
      sug:
        subj:
          Boosting Machine Learning Algorithms
          Prediction Models
          Heart Rate Variability
          Athletes, Elite Psychosocial Factors
          Target Sports
          Attention
          Classification Algorithms
          Human
          Funding Source
          Male
          Female
          Adolescence
          Young Adult
          Validation Studies
          Competitive Behavior
          Prediction Algorithms
          Psychomotor Performance
          Random Forest
          Sports Physiology
          Support Vector Machine
          Reliability
          Electrocardiography
          Signal Processing, Computer Assisted
          Autonomic Nervous System Physiopathology
          Descriptive Statistics
          Comparative Studies
          ROC Curve
          Data Analysis Software
          Pearson's Correlation Coefficient
          Sensitivity and Specificity
          One-Way Analysis of Variance
          Conceptual Framework
          Adolescent: 13-18 years
          Male
          Female
      ab: This study aims to develop a predictive model for alertness levels in elite shooting athletes by analyzing heart rate variability (HRV) dynamics under simulated competitive stress. 83 national-level shooting athletes completed a 60-minute Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) protocol designed to mimic the sustained attentional demands of a competition, while HRV data were continuously recorded. Pearson correlation analysis identified HRV features associated with behavioral performance. Key predictors were selected via recursive feature elimination with Random Forest. Four machine learning algorithms--Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), XGBoost, and AdaBoost--were employed to construct classification models for alertness. Model performance was evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC). SHAP analysis was applied to interpret feature contributions. The binary classification framework (optimal vs. sub-optimal alertness) demonstrated superior reliability over multi-class approaches. The AdaBoost model achieved the best performance, with an accuracy of 0.75, an F1-score of 0.73, and an AUC of 0.77. SHAP analysis revealed that the very low frequency percentage (VLF%) was the most critical predictor, followed by the SD2/SD1 ratio. Notably, elevated VLF% values were associated with lower alertness levels. The binary classification model, integrating key HRV indices (notably VLF%) with the AdaBoost algorithm, can effectively distinguish alertness levels in shooting athletes during simulated competitive stress. This approach provides a validated, non-invasive tool for objective psychophysiological monitoring in training, offering actionable insights for pre-competition readiness assessment.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype:
        research
        tables/charts
        Journal Article
      ougenre: Article
    language: English
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