Slum Upgrading and Long-Run Urban Development: Evidence from Indonesia.

Developing countries face massive urbanization and slum upgrading is a popular policy to improve shelter for many. Yet, preserving slums at the expense of formal developments can raise concerns of misallocation of land. We estimate causal, long-term impacts of the 1969–84 KIP programme, which provid...

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Published in:Review of Economic Studies Vol. 93; no. 4; pp. 2646 - 2680
Main Authors: Harari, Mariaflavia, Wong, Maisy
Format: Article
Published: Oxford University Press / USA Jul2026
Subjects:
Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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      dt: Jul2026
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      pub: Oxford University Press / USA
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        10.1093/restud/rdaf090
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        atl: Slum Upgrading and Long-Run Urban Development: Evidence from Indonesia.
      aug:
        au:
          Harari, Mariaflavia
          Wong, Maisy
        affil:
          University of Pennsylvania, USA
          University of Pennsylvania and NBER, USA
      su:
        Jakarta (Indonesia)
        Indonesia
        Slums
        Urban growth
        Economic models
        Squatter settlements
        Social impact
        Real property sales & prices
        Indonesians
      sug:
        subj:
          Slums
          Urban growth
          Economic models
          Squatter settlements
          Social impact
          Jakarta (Indonesia)
          Indonesia
          Land Subdivision
          Lessors of Other Real Estate Property
          Offices of Real Estate Agents and Brokers
          Real property sales & prices
          Indonesians
      keyword:
        Cities
        copyrightHolder:Review of Economic Studies Ltd
        copyrightYear:2026
        Housing
        Informality
        inLanguage:en
        Land markets
        publisher:Oxford University Press
        sameAs:https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdaf090
        Urbanization
        Cities
        copyrightHolder:Review of Economic Studies Ltd
        copyrightYear:2026
        Housing
        Informality
        inLanguage:en
        Land markets
        publisher:Oxford University Press
        sameAs:https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdaf090
        Urbanization
      ab: Developing countries face massive urbanization and slum upgrading is a popular policy to improve shelter for many. Yet, preserving slums at the expense of formal developments can raise concerns of misallocation of land. We estimate causal, long-term impacts of the 1969–84 KIP programme, which provided basic upgrades to 5 million residents covering 25% of land in Jakarta, Indonesia. We assemble high-resolution data on programme boundaries and 2015 outcomes and address programme selection bias through localized comparisons. On average, KIP areas today have lower land values, shorter buildings, and are more informal, per a photographs-based slum index. The negative effects are concentrated within 5 km of the CBD. We develop a spatial equilibrium model to characterize the welfare implications of KIP. Counterfactuals suggest that 79% of the welfare effects stem from removing KIP in the centre and highlight how to mitigate losses to displaced residents.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype: Article
      src: R
    language: English
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