| Sumario: | Latinos in the United States have long been excluded and stigmatised, yet little is known about how Latino immigrants and returnees are perceived in Mexico. Using data from the 2022 Mexican National Survey on Discrimination (ENADIS), this study compares reported discrimination and exclusion among immigrants, first- and 1.5-generation returnees, and second-generation returnees to non-migrant Mexicans. The findings show marked heterogeneity consistent with three overlapping mechanisms: civic exclusion, ethno-racial bias, and stigma attached to migration-specific attributes (e.g., dress, tattoos and accent). Foreign-born immigrants report higher appearance-based discrimination and unfair denial of employment than returnees, even after controlling for skin tone. Second-generation returnees show higher odds of unjustified detention and obstacles to school (re)enrolment, patterns not fully explained by ethno-racial bias or legal exclusion. The results clarify how migration and discrimination intersect in Mexico and frame integration and reintegration as distinct processes shaped by legal barriers, ethno-racial hierarchies and migrant stigma.
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