The effectiveness of a digital behavior contract on children with autism spectrum disorder: a multiple probe single-subject design study.

Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often display problem behaviors that interfere with instructional engagement and limit learning opportunities. This study examined the effects of a digitally delivered behavior contract designed to support task engagement by teaching children to remain se...

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Published in:International Journal of Developmental Disabilities Vol. 72; no. 5; pp. 1146 - 1161
Main Authors: Ceyhun, Ayşe Tuba, Kaya, Saadet Sevinç
Format: case study pictorial research tables/charts Journal Article
Published: Taylor & Francis Ltd Aug2026
Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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      jtl: International Journal of Developmental Disabilities
      issn: 20473869
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      dt: Aug2026
      vid: 72
      iid: 5
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      pub: Taylor & Francis Ltd
      place: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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        10.1080/20473869.2026.2619833
        195656557
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        atl: The effectiveness of a digital behavior contract on children with autism spectrum disorder: a multiple probe single-subject design study.
      aug:
        au:
          Ceyhun, Ayşe Tuba
          Kaya, Saadet Sevinç
        affil: Department of Child Development, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul, Türkiye
      sug:
        subj:
          Autism Spectrum Disorder Rehabilitation
          Child Behavior Disorders Rehabilitation
          Digital Technology Turkiye
          Behavior Modification Evaluation
          Educational Technology
          Task Performance and Analysis
          Education, Special
          Outcomes of Education
          Human
          Male
          Female
          Child
          Turkiye
          Cues
          Reinforcement (Psychology)
          Motivation
          Purposive Sample
          Needs Assessment
          Learning Environment
          Parental Attitudes
          Faculty Attitudes
          Feedback
          Experimental Studies
          Scales
          Content Analysis
          Child: 6-12 years
          Male
          Female
      ab: Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often display problem behaviors that interfere with instructional engagement and limit learning opportunities. This study examined the effects of a digitally delivered behavior contract designed to support task engagement by teaching children to remain seated during instructional activities. The digital contract integrated visual timers, animated feedback, and immediate reinforcement cues to enhance procedural clarity and motivation. The study was conducted with three children diagnosed with ASD (two boys aged 7–8 and one girl aged 8) in Istanbul, Türkiye, using a multiple-probe single-subject design across participants. Participants were selected through purposive sampling based on diagnosis, behavioral needs, and regular classroom attendance. Results indicated that all participants acquired the target behavior and demonstrated high levels of independent performance, which were maintained during follow-up sessions conducted in the second, fourth, and sixth weeks (Tau-U effect sizes ranged from 0.88 to 0.92, p < 0.01). Generalization probes across different instructors showed consistent performance under limited contextual variations. Parent and teacher social validity ratings reflected high satisfaction with the digital format, highlighting its feasibility and practicality for classroom use. Compared to paper-based contracts, the digital format offers automated timing, real-time visual and auditory feedback, and self-monitoring cues, suggesting mechanisms of change beyond simple digitization. Although findings support the potential effectiveness of digital behavior contracts, conclusions are limited by the small sample size and controlled setting. Future research should compare digital and traditional formats and examine long-term outcomes in naturalistic environments.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype:
        case study
        pictorial
        research
        tables/charts
        Journal Article
      ougenre: Article
    language: English
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