DIGITAL PALEOGRAPHY IN ARABIC MANUSCRIPTS: THE PERFORMANCE LEVELS OF THE GEMINI MODEL IN RECOGNIZING NASKH, TA'LIQ, AND RUQ'AH SCRIPTS.

The digitization of manuscripts remains a critical challenge in Digital Humanities due to the morphological complexity of Arabic scripts. This study evaluates the performance of Large Language Models, specifically Gemini, in digitizing Arabic manuscripts. Using manuscripts in naskh, ruq'ah, and ta'l...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Publicado en:Dinbilimleri Journal Vol. 26; no. 2; pp. 909 - 941
Autores principales: ADIGÜZEL, Abdulcabbar, ÖZBEK, Muhammed Sadık
Formato: Artículo
Publicado: Dinbilimleri Journal haz2026
Materias:
Acceso en línea:Ver este registro en EBSCOhost
fields @attributes:
  recordID: 1
pdfLink:
plink: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=hlh&AN=195825815&site=ehost-live
header:
  @attributes:
    shortDbName: hlh
    uiTerm: 195825815
    longDbName: Humanities International Complete
    uiTag: AN
  controlInfo:
    bkinfo:
    jinfo:
      jid:
        13039199
        83AY
      jtl: Dinbilimleri Journal
      issn: 13039199
      maglogo: N
    pubinfo:
      dt: haz2026
      vid: 26
      iid: 2
      pid: 47205
      pub: Dinbilimleri Journal
    artinfo:
      ui:
        195825815
        10.33415/daad.1914124
      ppf: 909
      ppct: 32
      formats:
        fmt:
          @attributes:
            type: P
            size: 9.4MB
      tig:
        atl: DIGITAL PALEOGRAPHY IN ARABIC MANUSCRIPTS: THE PERFORMANCE LEVELS OF THE GEMINI MODEL IN RECOGNIZING NASKH, TA'LIQ, AND RUQ'AH SCRIPTS.
      aug:
        au:
          ADIGÜZEL, Abdulcabbar
          ÖZBEK, Muhammed Sadık
        affil:
          Assist. Prof. Dr., Samsun University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Basic Islamic Sciences, Department of Tafsir, Samsun/Turkey
          Res. Assist. Dr., Düzce University, Faculty of Theology, Department of Basic Islamic Sciences, Department of Hadith, Düzce/Turkey
      su:
        Paleography
        Language models
        Preservation of manuscripts
        Manuscripts
      sug:
        subj:
          Paleography
          Language models
          Preservation of manuscripts
          Manuscripts
      keyword:
        Digital Humanities
        Hadith
        HTR/OCR
        LLM
        Tafsir
        Dijital Beşeri Bilimler
        Hadis
        Tefsir
      ab: The digitization of manuscripts remains a critical challenge in Digital Humanities due to the morphological complexity of Arabic scripts. This study evaluates the performance of Large Language Models, specifically Gemini, in digitizing Arabic manuscripts. Using manuscripts in naskh, ruq'ah, and ta'līq scripts, model outputs were analyzed via Levenshtein distance, Word Error Rate, and Character Error Rate metrics. Results indicate recognition accuracy varies by script, with raw character accuracy at 97.91% for naskh, 94.32% for ruq'ah, and 93.51% for ta'līq. A substantial portion of errors in ruq'ah and ta'līq arose from orthographic variations in the letter yā and the hamza. Excluding these anomalies, accuracy across all scripts consistently reached the 97-98% range. The study concludes that while AI models demonstrate robust performance in deciphering manuscript templates, their integration into classical text edition (tahqīq) requires careful oversight of paleographic nuances, despite their high potential to assist professional publication. The experiment was conducted with the Gemini 3.1 Pro model under a fixed-prompt protocol. Since only the opening page of a single manuscript was used per script type, the findings should be interpreted as preliminary indicators rather than definitive conclusions.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype: Article
      src: R
    language: English
    refInfo:
    copyright:
      @attributes:
        flag: Y
      custom: Copyright of Dinbilimleri Journal is the property of Dinbilimleri Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
      item: Dinbilimleri Journal
      holder: Dinbilimleri Journal
      dt:
        @attributes:
          year: 2026
    holdings:
      @attributes:
        islocal: N