Differences in speed, trunk range of motion, and cycle kinematics between Para-Nordic sit-skiing classes across inclines.

In sit-skiing, propulsion is generated by the upper-extremities and trunk. We examined if terrain incline and class affected the speed, trunk range of motion, and cycle kinematics of sit-skiers during competitive distance events. Thirty-six elite Para-Nordic sit-skiers were equipped with integrated...

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Published in:Journal of Sports Sciences Vol. 44; no. 14; pp. 1769 - 1782
Main Authors: Severin, Anna Cecilia, Baumgart, Julia Kathrin, Kocbach, Jan, Ettema, Gertjan
Format: pictorial research tables/charts Journal Article
Published: Taylor & Francis Ltd Jul2026
Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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      dt: Jul2026
      vid: 44
      iid: 14
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      pub: Taylor & Francis Ltd
      place: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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        10.1080/02640414.2026.2692294
        195834427
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        atl: Differences in speed, trunk range of motion, and cycle kinematics between Para-Nordic sit-skiing classes across inclines.
      aug:
        au:
          Severin, Anna Cecilia
          Baumgart, Julia Kathrin
          Kocbach, Jan
          Ettema, Gertjan
        affil: Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
      sug:
        subj:
          Cross Country Skiing
          Sitting
          Sports for Persons with Disabilities
          Kinematics
          Athletic Performance
          Torso
          Range of Motion
          Biomechanics
          Competitive Behavior
          Human
          Male
          Female
          Norway
          Nonexperimental Studies
          Accelerometers
          Male
          Female
      ab: In sit-skiing, propulsion is generated by the upper-extremities and trunk. We examined if terrain incline and class affected the speed, trunk range of motion, and cycle kinematics of sit-skiers during competitive distance events. Thirty-six elite Para-Nordic sit-skiers were equipped with integrated IMU- and GNSS-sensors at the 2022 and 2023 World Championships, and five individual races were analysed at each event. Relationships between speed, trunk range of motion, cycle length and cycle rate and "incline" and "class" were modelled using mixed-effects models. The classes showed similar adaptations to changing incline, with decreased speed and cycle length and relatively constant range of motion and cycle rate. Compared to the LW12 class, the LW10.5 class had a lower speed (p = 0.004), trunk range of motion (p = 0.005) and cycle length (p = 0.049) at the 2022 event and lower range of motion (p = 0.017) and higher cycle rate (p = 0.020) at the 2023 event. There were considerable overlaps between the classes in all variables, which highlights that despite a relatively large number of measurements, this study was likely statistically underpowered for the between-class comparisons. Overall, this study suggests that while some differences exist between the LW12 and LW10.5 classes, between-class differences may be smaller than the differences between individual athletes.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype:
        pictorial
        research
        tables/charts
        Journal Article
      ougenre: Article
    language: English
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