A meta-analytical umbrella review assessing urban environment exposures and cognitive health outcomes.

Introduction Global population ageing is increasing the burden of cognitive decline and dementia. While systematic reviews have examined links between environmental exposures and cognitive outcomes, evidence remains fragmented. This umbrella review aimed to synthesise and meta-analyse systematic rev...

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Published in:Age & Ageing Vol. 55; no. 7; pp. 1 - 19
Main Authors: Glover, Sophie, Cleland, Claire, Trott, Mike, Akaraci, Selin, O'Kane, Niamh, Valson, Joanna, McGuinness, Bernadette, Hunter, Ruth
Format: Article
Published: Oxford University Press / USA Jul2026
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Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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      dt: Jul2026
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      pub: Oxford University Press / USA
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        10.1093/ageing/afag215
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        atl: A meta-analytical umbrella review assessing urban environment exposures and cognitive health outcomes.
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        au:
          Glover, Sophie
          Cleland, Claire
          Trott, Mike
          Akaraci, Selin
          O'Kane, Niamh
          Valson, Joanna
          McGuinness, Bernadette
          Hunter, Ruth
        affil:
          Queen's University Belfast School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences—Centre for Public Health, Belfast, UK
          Queen's University Belfast School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences—Centre for Public Health, Belfast, UKQueensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
      su:
        Environmental health
        Air pollution
        Mental health
        Metropolitan areas
        Interpersonal relations
        Built environment
        Cognition
        Dementia risk factors
        Dementia prevention
        Cognition disorder risk factors
        Risk assessment
        Medical information storage & retrieval systems
        Research funding
        Meta-analysis
        Descriptive statistics
        Systematic reviews
        MEDLINE
        Environmental exposure
        Online information services
        Nitrogen oxides
        Confidence intervals
        Data analysis software
        Psychology information storage & retrieval systems
      sug:
        subj:
          Environmental health
          Air pollution
          Mental health
          Metropolitan areas
          Interpersonal relations
          Built environment
          Cognition
          Offices of Mental Health Practitioners (except Physicians)
          Dementia risk factors
          Dementia prevention
          Cognition disorder risk factors
          Risk assessment
          Medical information storage & retrieval systems
          Research funding
          Meta-analysis
          Descriptive statistics
          Systematic reviews
          MEDLINE
          Environmental exposure
          Online information services
          Nitrogen oxides
          Confidence intervals
          Data analysis software
          Psychology information storage & retrieval systems
      keyword:
        aged
        aging
        air pollution
        cognitive decline
        cognitive impairment
        copyrightHolder:British Geriatrics Society
        copyrightYear:2026
        dementia
        dementia prevention
        embase
        environmental exposure
        environmental exposures
        exposure
        health outcomes
        https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afag215
        inLanguage:en
        light exposure
        narrative discourse
        nitrogen dioxide
        nitrogen oxides
        noise
        older people
        particulate matter
        publisher:Oxford University Press
        sameAs:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42497094/
        social engagement
        social environment
        sulfur dioxide
        travel
        umbrella review
        urban design
        aged
        aging
        air pollution
        cognitive decline
        cognitive impairment
        copyrightHolder:British Geriatrics Society
        copyrightYear:2026
        dementia
        dementia prevention
        embase
        environmental exposure
        environmental exposures
        exposure
        health outcomes
        https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afag215
        inLanguage:en
        light exposure
        narrative discourse
        nitrogen dioxide
        nitrogen oxides
        noise
        older people
        particulate matter
        publisher:Oxford University Press
        sameAs:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42497094/
        social engagement
        social environment
        sulfur dioxide
        travel
        umbrella review
        urban design
      ab: Introduction Global population ageing is increasing the burden of cognitive decline and dementia. While systematic reviews have examined links between environmental exposures and cognitive outcomes, evidence remains fragmented. This umbrella review aimed to synthesise and meta-analyse systematic reviews on urban environmental exposures and cognitive health. Methods A meta-analytic umbrella review (PROSPERO: CRD42023425117) was conducted using PubMed, Embase and PsycINFO. Systematic reviews examining urban environments and cognitive health were included. Methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool. Meta-analytic evidence was graded ('convincing' to 'not significant') based on sample size, effect strength and bias. Narrative synthesis was also performed. Results From 6391 records, 54 systematic reviews were included, comprising 66 meta-analysed outcomes and 270 exposure–outcome associations. Air pollution showed the strongest evidence: particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) (10/11 significant outcomes) and nitrogen dioxide/nitrogen oxide (5/10) demonstrated highly probable detrimental effects on cognitive health. Social relationships (5/8) showed probable beneficial effects. Green and blue spaces were associated with reduced dementia risk (3/6). Narrative findings supported these results and identified research gaps, particularly for travel behaviour (no outcomes identified). Conclusion There is highly probable evidence linking air pollution to poorer cognitive health and probable evidence supporting social relationships. Further research is needed on urban design, noise, light exposure and underexplored pollutants (CO, SO₂). Policies should prioritise reducing air pollution and promoting social engagement to support cognitive health and dementia prevention.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype: Article
      src: R
    language: English
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