Paul's Reversal of Jews Calling Gentiles 'Dogs' (Philippians 3:2): 1600 Years of an Ideological Tale Wagging an Exegetical Dog?

The commentary tradition on Philippians 3:2 (and on Matt. 15 and Mark 7 too) has been claiming at least since Chrysostom that Jews commonly called Gentiles dogs, thereby legitimating a pattern of calling Jews dogs. Contemporary commentaries indicate no awareness of the harmful legacy or the continue...

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Published in:Biblical Interpretation Vol. 17; no. 4; pp. 448 - 483
Main Author: Nanos, Mark D.
Format: Literary Criticism
Published: Brill Academic Publishers 2009
Subjects:
Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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        atl: Paul's Reversal of Jews Calling Gentiles 'Dogs' (Philippians 3:2): 1600 Years of an Ideological Tale Wagging an Exegetical Dog?
      aug:
        au: Nanos, Mark D.
        affil: Rockhurst University
      su:
        Invective in literature
        Paul, the Apostle, Saint
        Bible. Philippians
        Gentiles in the New Testament
        Dogs in religion
        Biblical commentaries
        Polemics in the Bible
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        subj:
          Invective in literature
          Paul, the Apostle, Saint
          Bible. Philippians
          Gentiles in the New Testament
          Dogs in religion
          Biblical commentaries
          Polemics in the Bible
      keyword:
        CANAANITE WOMAN
        CYBELE
        CYNICS
        DOGS
        HEKATE
        JESUS
        JEWS
        PAUL
        PHILIPPIANS
      ab: The commentary tradition on Philippians 3:2 (and on Matt. 15 and Mark 7 too) has been claiming at least since Chrysostom that Jews commonly called Gentiles dogs, thereby legitimating a pattern of calling Jews dogs. Contemporary commentaries indicate no awareness of the harmful legacy or the continued implications of the polemic to which it contributes when perpetuating this invective. Moreover, evidence of this supposed common prejudice is often not provided, and when it is, usually consists of sayings attributed to Jesus and the Syro-Phoenician or Canaanite woman—thus available to us only in documents that post-date Paul, representing early "Christian" polemic. In addition to being anachronistic and not likely known to Paul's audience in Philippi, upon examination, it is also not clear that these Gospel sayings provide the proof supposed. Sometimes an appeal is made to Psalm 22 and other Jewish texts, but under examination, none of these substantiate the claim. Likewise, the many supposed cases in rabbinic literature—which could only provide anachronistic evidence at best—do not in fact substantiate that Jews ever called Gentiles dogs, much less that Jews commonly did so, even long after Christians habitually called Jews dogs. This essay examines the texts and challenges the interpretive tradition's claims, as well as its failure to exhibit hermeneutical distance when repeating this supposed invective against Jews and Judaism. Having exposed this ideological tale, several exegetical options worth exploring are noted.
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