Sistemas de memoria: reseña histórica, clasificación y conceptos actuales. Primera parte: Historia, taxonomía de la memoria, sistemas de memoria de largo plazo: la memoria semántica.

Memory is a fascinating brain function by means of which the nervous system can codify, store, organize, and recover a variety of information relevant to the subject. The formal study of memory started more than a century ago, providing in this time a considerable amount of scientific information on...

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Publicado en:Salud Mental Vol. 33; no. 1; pp. 85 - 94
Autor principal: Carrillo-Mora, Paul
Formato: Artículo
Publicado: Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria Ramon de la Fuente ene2010
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Acceso en línea:Ver este registro en EBSCOhost
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        atl: Sistemas de memoria: reseña histórica, clasificación y conceptos actuales. Primera parte: Historia, taxonomía de la memoria, sistemas de memoria de largo plazo: la memoria semántica.
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        au: Carrillo-Mora, Paul
        affil: Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez.
      su:
        Memory
        Semantic memory
        Explicit memory
        Neuropsychology
        Physiological aspects of learning
        Brain physiology
      sug:
        subj:
          Memory
          Semantic memory
          Explicit memory
          Neuropsychology
          Physiological aspects of learning
          Brain physiology
      keyword:
        episodic
        procedural
        semantic
        working memory
        episódica
        Memoria
        memoria de trabajo
        procedimental
        semántica
      ab:
        Memory is a fascinating brain function by means of which the nervous system can codify, store, organize, and recover a variety of information relevant to the subject. The formal study of memory started more than a century ago, providing in this time a considerable amount of scientific information on memory functioning. The actual knowledge of memory allow us to consider it far from being unique, isolated or static function, but more as a complex net of memory systems working in parallel for a common goal. Historic evolution of memory concepts and their classifications have progressed simultaneously to our knowledge on these systems. The first empiric approaches to memory description were found in ancient Greece by authors like Plato and Aristoteles, and were based on philosophy, thinking, and introspection and logic methods. However, the first real scientific approaches appeared in the XIX century, by authors such as Ebbinghaus and Lashley, who initiated the experimental study of memory in humans and animals, respectively. The contribution of the intellectual group known as «behaviorist» in the beginning of XX century, was also relevant during this period, and was represented by scientists like Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, and Thorndike, who detailed a variant of learning recognized in our days as associative learning. In turn, this variant can be divided into classic conditioning (associates a stimulus with a response) and instrumental or operant conditioning (associates a stimulus with a specific behavior). Behaviorists claimed that only on observational basis of behavior is possible to know processes linked to learning. However, these authors clearly made a mistake when they stated that knowledge on processes occurring in the brain will always be far of the understanding of the investigator. Later on, one of the hardest evidences for the study of memory processes came from clinic studies of patients with focal cerebral lesions. Penfield, Scoville, and Milner, during the 60's, documented the effects of surgical lesions of temporal lobe on declarative memory, finding selective alterations, such as severe anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia with temporal gradient. These findings were accompanied also by a description of memory subsystems remaining intact, despite of those temporal lobe lesions (procedural memory, long-term memory, etc.). Based on these findings, medial temporal lobe was described as a key structure for the acquisition of declarative information. In parallel to clinic studies, a first attempt to coordinate psycho-psychiatric research with the knowledge and scientific protocol of biology occurred in the 60's, thus allowing the emergence of disciplines known as cognitive neuroscience and cognitive psychology or psychophysiology, both created in an effort to explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the storage of memory information. The list of significant findings provided by these two scientific disciplines is extensive, but among the most important are probably those derived from the study of the most elementary memory processes (i.e. habituation and sensitization) in invertebrate animal models, such as Aplysia spp. These researches established the basis for the basic cellular requirements for elementary learning, as well as the molecular basis for short-and long-term memory.x2026;
        La memoria es una función cerebral fascinante, mediante ella el Sistema Nervioso codifica, almacena, organiza y recupera una gran variedad de tipos de información que resultan de vital importancia para el individuo en particular. Los conocimientos actuales nos permiten conceptualizar a la memoria como conformada por una red compleja de subsistemas de memoria que pueden trabajar en paralelo, cooperando e incluso en ocasiones funcionar de forma competitiva entre sí. La evolución de la clasificación de los sistemas de memoria se ha desarrollado en paralelo al conocimiento acerca del funcionamiento del los procesos mnésicos. Las primeras aproximaciones al estudio de la memoria estaban conformadas por métodos filosóficos que comprendían la observación, reflexión, lógica, etc. En el siglo XIX surgieron los primeros estudios científicos para el estudio experimental de la memoria. Autores como Ebbinghaus o Lashley estudiaron por primera vez la memoria humana y animal respectivamente. Los conductistas como Pavlov, Skinner, Thorndike y Watson sentaron las bases del aprendizaje asociativo que conocemos como condicionamiento clásico y condicionamiento operante. Más tarde los estudios neuropsicológicos de pacientes con lesiones quirúrgicas focales temporales arrojaron resultados contundentes acerca del sustrato anatómico de la memoria declarativa en el lóbulo temporal, lo que inició una avalancha de estudios y descripciones neuropsicológicas cada vez más finas sobre las consecuencias de las lesiones y patologías cerebrales en los distintos procesos de memoria. Más recientemente, los estudios de los procesos celulares y moleculares de las formas de aprendizaje más elementales (habituación y sensibilización) en modelos de animales invertebrados han demostrado los requerimientos celulares mínimos para el establecimiento del aprendizaje así como los mecanismos moleculares diferenciales involucrados en la memoria de corto y largo plazo. A últimas fechas, la introducción de los estudios de neuroimagen funcional en pacientes enfermos y sanos ha permitido la expansión de los conocimientos sobre el funcionamiento dinámico y en tiempo real de los diversos procesos de memoria. En la actualidad la clasificación más aceptada de los sistemas de memoria de largo plazo considera dos grandes esferas principales: la memoria declarativa y la no declarativa. La memoria declarativa se refiere a la que contiene información de la cual se tiene un registro consciente y que se puede verbalizar o transmitir fácilmente a través de algún medio a otro individuo. La memoria no declarativa comprende información que no se puede verbalizar fácilmente o cuyo aprendizaje puede ser inconsciente e incluso involuntario. La memoria declarativa se subdivide en memoria semántica y episódica.…
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype: Article
      src: R
    language: Spanish
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