| Summary: | According to the U.S. Office of Technology Assessment, the use of animals for biomedical and behavioral research, toxicity testing, and educational purposes can be reduced. For some research plants, microorganisms, invertebrates, organs from cadavers, or cell cultures can be substituted. In other cases, chemical or physical systems or computer programs that mimic or simulate biological functions are possibilities. Replication of toxicity and irritant tests should be avoided. In education plausible alternatives include computer simulations, cell-culture studies, the use of cadavers and audio-visual materials, and observation of intact animals.
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