| Sumario: | The writers describe a general procedure for evaluating the structural invariance of multi-item concepts across different situations. The procedure involves eight steps that are based on establishing structural invariance, establishing level invariance, and establishing normative invariance. Use of this approach can be illustrated in its assessment of invariance of factor structures across cultural groups, equivalence of a test across different implementations, and invariance of factor structures across time. Although this approach needs fairly large numbers of respondents to sufficiently test the null hypotheses, it has considerable potential within psychology and related social and behavioral disciplines.
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