| Sumario: | A combination of experimental studies and density functional theory calculations is used to study C-N bond activation in a series of ruthenium N-alkyl-substituted heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes. These show that prior C-H activation of the NHC ligand renders the system susceptible to irreversible C-N activation. In the presence of a source of HCI, C-H activated Ru(IPrMe)'(PPh)(CO)H (1, IPrMe = 1 ,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene) reacts to give Ru(IPrHMe)(PPh)(CO)HCI (2, IPrHMe = 1 -isopropyl-4,5-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene) and propene. The mechanism involves (i) isomerization to a trans-phosphine isomer, 1c, in which hydride is trans to the metalated alkyl arm, (ii) C-N cleavage to give an intermediate propene complex with a C2-metalated imidazole ligand, and (iii) N-protonation and propene/ C1 substitution to give 2. The overall computed activation barrier (ΔE*) corresponds to the isomerization! C-N cleavage process and has a value of +24.4 kcal/mol. C-N activation in 1c is promoted by the relief of electronic strain arising from the trans disposition of the high-trans-influence hydride and alkyl ligands. Experimental studies on analogues of 1 with different C4/C5 carbene backbone substituents (Ru(IPrPh'(PPh)(CO)H, Ru(IPr)'(PPh)(CO)H) or different N-substituents (Ru(IEtMe)'(PPh)(CO)H) reveal that Ph substituents promote C-N activation. Calculations confirm that Ru(IPrPh)'(PPh)(CO)H undergoes isomerization/C-N bond cleavage with a low barrier of only +21.4 kcal/mol. Larger N-alkyl groups also facilitate C-N bond activation (Ru(IBuMe)'(PPh)(CO)H, ΔE* = +21.3 kcal/mol), and in this case the reaction is promoted by the formation of the more highly substituted 2-methylpropene.
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