| Summary: | The article discusses finality and the temporality of living phenomena such as thinking, metabolism, and growth. The author examines scientific works on the laws of thermodynamics, far-from-equilibrium systems, and evolution, looking at the development of concepts and their implications for concepts of time and self-organization. The work of philosophers including Immanuel Kant, Aristotle, and Friedrich Nietzsche as well as scientists including Rudolf Clausius, Ilya Prigogine, and Charles Darwin. Other topics addressed include teleology, genetic regulation, and physical energy.
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