Peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplant. A two-way ticket in an integrated renal replacement therapy model.
Background: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) seems to be a good option to initiate renal replacement therapy (RRT), but patients with graft failure choose PD less frequently than incident patients (de novo). Objective: To describe patient movements between PD and kidney transplantation (TX) and risk factors...
| Publicado en: | Nefrología Vol. 31; no. 4; pp. 441 - 449 |
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| Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
| Formato: | Artículo |
| Publicado: |
Revista Nefrologia
2011
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| Materias: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Ver este registro en EBSCOhost |
| Sumario: | Background: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) seems to be a good option to initiate renal replacement therapy (RRT), but patients with graft failure choose PD less frequently than incident patients (de novo). Objective: To describe patient movements between PD and kidney transplantation (TX) and risk factors for failure of the PD technique. Method: Multicentre observational study of patients starting PD between 2003 and 2009 with follow up up until January 2010. Survival analysis based on switching from PD to HD as an event using Kaplan-Meier (KM) and forward, stepwise Cox proportional hazards models. Hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals (HR [CI]) are shown. Main variable: Switch from PD to HD. Two-group comparison: PD post transplant (post-TX) patients (76) compared to pure incident PD (de novo-PD) patients (830). Patients: 906 PD patients from 19 public hospitals with a mean age of 54.8 years (64.9% male); main ESRD aetiology: glomerulonephritis (25.4%), diabetes (16.7%), vascularischaemic (10.7%), interstitial (13.6%) and polycystic (11.2%). Comorbidity conditions: Charlson Index 5.1 (SD 2.4); 21.6% diabetes mellitus (DM), 24.0% cardiovascular (CV) events. Results: Mean follow-up period on PD: 1.85 years (95% CI [1.68-2.02 years]). KM estimation for switching to HD due to PD failure was 5.46 years [4.42- 6.50 years]. At the end of follow-up, 88 patients had died, 154 had been transferred to HD and 306 had received a graft (annual rate for patients on waiting list: 0.49 TX per year on PD). The best Cox multivariate model for switching from PD to HD includes: post-TX (HR: 1.63 [1.01- 2.63]), DM (HR: 1.69 [1.19-2.40]) and age (1.01 [1.00-1.02]) per year. Post-TX patients were younger (43.8 years vs 55.3 years) and with less comorbidity conditions than de novo-PD patients (DM 18.4% vs 21.9%; CV 15.8% vs 24.7%). However post-TX patients had worse clinical evolution with a rapid decline of renal function (D-3.88 vs -1.8ml/min per year); a higher admission rate (0.9 vs 0.62 per year) but similar peritonitis rate (0.45 vs 0.53 episodes per year). They also needed to be transferred to HD more frequently (28.9% vs 15.8%; P<.006) and needed more time to TX (4.8 years vs 1.7 years, Kaplan-Meier). Consequently, time spent on PD was higher in the post-TX group (2.8 vs 1.8 year). Limitations: Observational study with absence of a standard protocol to switch PD-HD. Conclusion: PD seems to be a good first choice technique due to low mortality and high TX ratio in our area. A previous graft failure is associated with a higher rate of PD-failure but time spent on PD is enough to consider this technique as a good option. Introducción: Los pacientes trasplantados eligen diálisis peritoneal (DP) en menor proporción que los incidentes. Objetivo: Describir la supervivencia en técnica de los postrasplantados (post-TX) y estudiar los factores predictores de transferencia a hemodiálisis (HD). Método: Estudio observacional, multicéntrico de incidentes (2003- 2010). Variable principal: Paso a HD. Comparación post-TX frente a DP-de novo. Pacientes: 906 pacientes (54,8 años, 64,9% hombres) de 19 centros, con seguimiento hasta siete años, un 8,4% receptores de trasplante. Etiologías: glomerulonefritis 25,4%, nefropatía diabética 16,7%, vascular 10,7%, intersticial 13,6%, poliquistosis renal 11,2%. Comorbilidad: índice de Charlson 5,1 (desviación estándar, DE = 2,4), el 21,6% con diabetes mellitus (DM), el 24,0% con evento cardiovascular previo. El 71,6% inician en diálisis peritoneal continua ambulatoria (DPCA) y el resto en automática. Al mes de inicio, la función renal (FR) es 7,3 (DE = 3,8) ml/min, Kt/V 2,6 (DE = 0,7), y el ClCr 96,3 (DE = 35,3) l/semana x 1,72 m2. Resultados: El mantenimiento en técnica estimado por KM es de 1,85 años, con un intervalo de confianza [IC] al 95% de [1,68- 2,02] para la salida por cualquier causa y de 5,46 años [4,42- 6,50] para transferencia a HD. Durante el seguimiento fueron sometidos a trasplante 306 pacientes (0,49 trasplantes por año en lista) y pasaron a HD 154. El mejor modelo de regresión de Cox para paso a HD incluye: DM con Hazard ratio (HR) 1,69 [1,19-2,40], trasplante previo: 1,63 [1,01-2,63] y edad 1,01 [1,00-1,02]. Los post-TX son más jóvenes (43,8 frente a 55,3 años) y con menos comorbilidad (DM 18,4 frente al 21,9%; CV 15,8 frente al 24,7%). Sin embargo, presentan menos FR al inicio, 5,10 frente a 7,46 ml/min, y mayor pérdida de FR. Los pacientes post-TX pasan a HD en mayor proporción (28,9 frente al 15,8%; p <0,006). Limitaciones: Estudio observacional, ausencia de protocolo común para paso a HD. Conclusión: La DP parece ser una buena técnica inicial por su baja mortalidad y alta tasa de trasplantes. Aunque el riesgo de paso a HD es mayor en los post-TX, el tiempo que pasan en DP es suficiente para considerarla como una buena opción de diálisis. |
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