| Sumario: | By thermal decomposition in the presence only of oleylamine, sub-10 nm hexagonal NaLuF-based nanocrystals codoped with Gd, Yb, and Er (or Tm) have been successfully synthesized. Sub-10 nm β-NaLuF: 24 mol % Gd, 20 mol % Yb, 1 mol % Tm nanocrystals display bright upconversion luminescence (UCL) with a quantum yield of 0.47 ± 0.06% under continuous-wave excitation at 980 nm. Furthermore, through the use of β-NaLuF:Gd,Yb,Tm nanocrystals as a luminescent label, the detection limit of <50 nanocrystal-labeled cells was achieved for whole-body photoluminescent imaging of a small animal (mouse), and high-contrast UCL imaging of a whole-body black mouse with a penetration depth of ∼2 cm was achieved.
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