| Sumario: | <italic>Objective</italic>: To review the rehabilitation research methodological quality and intervention effectiveness of studies that used social cognitive or learning theory principles to improve self-efficacy in patients with orthopedic or musculoskeletal conditions. <italic>Design</italic>: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of peer reviewed studies published in English was performed using the OVID and SPORTDiscus databases. Initial search terms were “social cognitive theory” or “social learning theory” combined with “rehabilitation”. <italic>Results</italic>: From the 25 total studies that contributed to this review, 23 contributed patient outcome information and 20 contributed to effect size determination. Of 1947 total study participants, most (<italic>n</italic> = 1537, 78.9%) were women. Participants were primarily late middle-age (64.8 ± 17 years). Studies included participants with hip or knee osteoarthritis (OA) or who were post-hip or knee arthroplasty (11/25, 44%), post-femur or tibia fracture (6/25, 24%), adults in assisted living or inpatient rehabilitation facilities (2/25, 8%), independent community dwelling older adults (2/25, 8%), college-age recreational athletes post-sports injury (2/25, 8%), older women with osteoporosis risk (1/25, 4%) or middle-aged adults post-traumatic hand injury (1/25, 4%). For the 20 studies that contributed to effect size determination, a large overall mean effect size (Cohen’s <italic>d</italic> = 0.98, 95% CI 0.42-1.86) was observed. <italic>Conclusions</italic>: Studies that used social cognitive or learning theory principles to improve self-efficacy in patients with orthopedic or musculoskeletal conditions generally displayed moderate to large effect sizes supporting this intervention. Sound research methodological quality and low risk of intervention-related injury or other adverse events were also generally observed. Findings suggest that these interventions may also benefit individuals with conditions that have not progressed to end-stage salvage surgery such as younger, more athletically active individuals for knee OA prevention.
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