Combined inner and outer loop feedback in an intelligent tutoring system for statistics in higher education.

Intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) can provide inner loop feedback about steps within tasks, and outer loop feedback about performance on multiple tasks. While research typically addresses these feedback types separately, many ITSs offer them simultaneously. This study evaluates the effects of prov...

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Publicado en:Journal of Computer Assisted Learning Vol. 37; no. 2; pp. 319 - 333
Autores principales: Tacoma, Sietske, Drijvers, Paul, Jeuring, Johan
Formato: research tables/charts Journal Article
Publicado: Wiley-Blackwell Apr2021
Acceso en línea:Ver este registro en EBSCOhost
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      jtl: Journal of Computer Assisted Learning
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      dt: Apr2021
      vid: 37
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      pub: Wiley-Blackwell
      place: Malden, Massachusetts
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        10.1111/jcal.12491
        149219002
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        atl: Combined inner and outer loop feedback in an intelligent tutoring system for statistics in higher education.
      aug:
        au:
          Tacoma, Sietske
          Drijvers, Paul
          Jeuring, Johan
        affil: Freudenthal Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
      sug:
        subj:
          Feedback Methods
          Teaching Methods
          Education, Graduate
          Statistics Education
          Task Performance and Analysis
          Social Sciences Education
          Human
          Learning Methods
          Factorial Design
          Multiple Regression
          Models, Statistical
          Student Knowledge
          Academic Performance
          One-Way Analysis of Variance
          Two-Way Analysis of Variance
          Chi Square Test
          Analysis of Covariance
          Descriptive Statistics
          Male
          Female
          Male
          Female
      ab: Intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) can provide inner loop feedback about steps within tasks, and outer loop feedback about performance on multiple tasks. While research typically addresses these feedback types separately, many ITSs offer them simultaneously. This study evaluates the effects of providing combined inner and outer loop feedback on social sciences students' learning process and performance in a first‐year university statistics course. In a 2 x 2 factorial design (elaborate inner loop vs. minimal inner loop and outer loop vs. no outer loop feedback) with 521 participants, the effects of both feedback types and their combination were assessed through multiple linear regression models. Results showed mixed effects, depending on students' prior knowledge and experience, and no overall effects on course performance. Students tended to use outer loop feedback less when also receiving elaborate inner loop feedback. We therefore recommend introducing feedback types one by one and offering them for substantial periods of time. Lay Description: What is already known: Intelligent tutoring systems often provide feedback at the level of steps within tasks (inner loop) and at the level of multiple tasks (outer loop).Inner loop feedback may support learning by guiding students through the solution process of a single taskOuter loop feedback may support learning by advising or selecting appropriate tasks and study materialWhether both feedback types indeed support learning depends on many design choices and student characteristics. What this paper adds: Students who receive elaborate inner and outer loop feedback tend to use outer loop feedback less.In this implementation, inner and outer loop feedback did not influence each other's effects on course performance.Lower‐achieving students benefit more from outer loop feedback than higher‐achieving students.Students need time to familiarize themselves with elaborate inner loop feedback. Implications for practitioners: Providing both inner and outer loop feedback may increase the number of students receiving useful feedback.This study advises to implement feedback types one by one and allow sufficient familiarization time and guidance.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype:
        research
        tables/charts
        Journal Article
      ougenre: Article
    language: English
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