Measuring Sexual Double Standards in Sitcoms: Development and Application of a Content Analysis Codebook.

The sexual double standard (SDS) consists of stereotypical gendered expectations and evaluations that condemn female sexuality and approve of male sexuality. Entertainment media contribute to the maintenance of gendered norms by providing guidelines as to which sexual expressions are acceptable for...

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Published in:Sexuality & Culture Vol. 29; no. 5; pp. 2227 - 2260
Main Authors: Maas, Gijsje, van Oosten, Johanna M. F., Buttgereit, Lina, De Swert, Knut
Format: Article
Published: Springer Nature Oct2025
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Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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      dt: Oct2025
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        10.1007/s12119-025-10365-w
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        atl: Measuring Sexual Double Standards in Sitcoms: Development and Application of a Content Analysis Codebook.
      aug:
        au:
          Maas, Gijsje
          van Oosten, Johanna M. F.
          Buttgereit, Lina
          De Swert, Knut
        affil:
          https://ror.org/016xsfp80 Radboud University (BSI), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
          https://ror.org/04dkp9463 University of Amsterdam (ASCoR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
      su:
        Television situation comedies
        Double standard
        Content analysis
        Human sexuality
        Gender stereotypes
      sug:
        subj:
          Television situation comedies
          Double standard
          Content analysis
          Human sexuality
          Gender stereotypes
      keyword:
        Communication and Culture Cultural Studies
        Gender roles
        Language
        Sexual double standard
        Sexual scripts theory
        Sitcoms
        Social cognitive theory
      ab: The sexual double standard (SDS) consists of stereotypical gendered expectations and evaluations that condemn female sexuality and approve of male sexuality. Entertainment media contribute to the maintenance of gendered norms by providing guidelines as to which sexual expressions are acceptable for whom. This study set out to construct a new codebook for quantitative content analysis to assess the presence of SDS in media content, with an application to popular sitcoms of the last decades serving as an initial validation. We pose that studies wishing to ascertain whether the SDS is represented in media content should (1) analyse all sexual behaviours and sexual cognitions pertaining to SDS, (2) determine gender differences within the display of these behaviours and cognitions, and (3) study gender differences within positive and negative consequences of sexual behaviour and cognitions. We provide a novel conceptualization by incorporating all these elements in one codebook. A quantitative content analysis was conducted to systematically assess the presence of SDS in popular US sitcoms of the last decades by implementing the above-mentioned requirements. Findings suggest that male characters are more sexually preoccupied, while female characters display relatively more sexual acts. No significant gender differences were found within the performance of other stereotypical sexual behaviours and cognitions. Likewise, male and female characters received a largely equal portrayal of positive and negative consequences of sexual stereotypical behaviours and cognitions. Methodological implications and future research directions are discussed.
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    language: English
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