Cover Image
QR Code

The "silent" noise: moving forward from bias to noise in football referees' decision-making.

In football, referees are expected to deliver consistent and unbiased judgments, grounded in professional knowledge and expertise. However, much of the research on referees' decision-making has traditionally focused on the concept of "bias" in their judgments. This review shifts attention to referee...

Full description

Published in:International Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology Vol. 24; no. 3; pp. 405 - 431
Main Authors: Samuel, Roy David, Galily, Yair, Hochman, Guy
Format: Article
Published: Taylor & Francis Ltd Mar2026
Subjects:
Kahneman, Daniel, 1934-2024
Decision making
Variability (Psychometrics)
Football referees
Sports officiating
Statistical bias
Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost