Re-examining claims about competence by design (CBD) implementation success in Canadian postgraduate medical education.

Introduction: Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME) has transformed postgraduate medical education worldwide. In 2017, Canada adopted the Competence by Design (CBD) model. While widely promoted as a successful large-scale curricular reform, emerging critiques suggest limited empirical evidence a...

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Published in:Medical Teacher Vol. 48; no. 7; pp. 1269 - 1275
Main Authors: Chainey, Jonathan, Kuper, Ayelet, Brydges, Ryan
Format: review tables/charts Journal Article
Published: Taylor & Francis Ltd Jul2026
Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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      dt: Jul2026
      vid: 48
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      pub: Taylor & Francis Ltd
      place: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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        10.1080/0142159X.2026.2628089
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        atl: Re-examining claims about competence by design (CBD) implementation success in Canadian postgraduate medical education.
      aug:
        au:
          Chainey, Jonathan
          Kuper, Ayelet
          Brydges, Ryan
        affil: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
      sug:
        subj:
          Education, Medical
          Education, Masters Canada
          Education, Competency-Based
          Program Evaluation
          Competency Assessment
          Educational Measurement
          Implementation Science
          Education, Continuing
          Citation Analysis
          Canada
          Medical Practice, Evidence-Based
          Students, Medical
          Faculty, Medical
          Faculty Attitudes
          Professional Development
          Professional Competence
          Mentorship
          Curriculum Development
          Workload
          Feedback
      ab: Introduction: Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME) has transformed postgraduate medical education worldwide. In 2017, Canada adopted the Competence by Design (CBD) model. While widely promoted as a successful large-scale curricular reform, emerging critiques suggest limited empirical evidence and unintended consequences. We critically examined a recent article promoting CBD's success via citation analysis and evidence appraisal. Methods: We analyzed the article's 169 references, categorizing each by type and empirical relevance. We synthesized Canadian-situated empirical studies on Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) and their role in feedback within CBD systems. Additionally, we consulted the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada's (RCPSC) 2024 CBD Adaptations Plan to contextualize recent developments. Results: Empirical studies accounted for 49.2% of the citations, and only 59.4% of those directly addressed CBME. We observed many (25.3%) self-citations, suggesting limited diversity of perspectives. Synthesized studies revealed mixed outcomes: although EPAs aimed to enhance feedback, trainees reported increased stress, administrative burden, and inconsistent feedback quality. These challenges were largely unacknowledged in the analyzed article but were recognized in the 2024 CBD Adaptations Plan's proposed reforms. Discussion: Our findings challenge the narrative of CBD's unequivocal success in Canada. We highlight the need for context-sensitive empirical research to guide future reforms.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype:
        review
        tables/charts
        Journal Article
      ougenre: Article
    language: English
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