| Summary: | In two studies of 360 Degrees judgments, it was shown that congruence measured in terms of intercorrelations between ratings by different people (congruence-r) and in terms of the discrepancy between those ratings (congruence-d) were empirically independent of each other. Congruence-r was greatest, and congruence-d was smallest, between judgments made by a target person and his or her supervisor, rather than by subordinates or peers; the differential observability of rated behaviors predicted congruence-r but not congruence-d. Variations in both forms of congruence were found to arise from the source of a judgment, and from a target person's age, gender, cognitive ability, and certain personality attributes. Over- and under-rating associated with a personality or another third factor was shown to derive from substantially different correlations between such a factor and the two separate judgments under consideration.
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