| Summary: | It is demonstrated that expert and exceptional performance are mediated by both cognitive and perceptual-motor skills and domain-specific physiological and anatomical adaptations. The highest levels of human performance in different areas can only be achieved following about ten years of extended, daily amounts of deliberate practice activities. Laboratory analyses of expert performance in many areas, including chess, medicine, auditing, computer programming, bridge, physics, sports, typing, juggling, dance, and music, demonstrate maximal adaptations of experts to domain-specific constraints. For example, acquired anticipatory skills circumvent general restrictions on reaction time, and distinctive memory skills permit a domain-specific extension of working memory capacity to support planning, reasoning, and evaluation. Many of the mechanisms of superior expert performance serve the dual objective of mediating experts' present performance and of permitting continued improvement of this performance in response to informative feedback during practice activities.
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