Academic outcomes of flipped classroom learning: a meta‐analysis.

Context: The flipped classroom (FC), reversing lecture and homework elements of a course, is popular in medical education. The FC uses technology‐enhanced pre‐class learning to transmit knowledge, incorporating in‐class interaction to enhance higher cognitive learning. However, the FC model is expen...

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Published in:Medical Education Vol. 52; no. 9; pp. 910 - 925
Main Authors: Chen, Kuo‐Su, Monrouxe, Lynn, Lu, Yi‐Hsuan, Jenq, Chang‐Chyi, Chang, Yeu‐Jhy, Chang, Yu‐Che, Chai, Pony Yee‐Chee
Format: meta analysis research systematic review tables/charts Journal Article
Published: Wiley-Blackwell Sep2018
Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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      dt: Sep2018
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      iid: 9
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      pub: Wiley-Blackwell
      place: Malden, Massachusetts
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        131352219
        131352219
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        10.1111/medu.13616
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        atl: Academic outcomes of flipped classroom learning: a meta‐analysis.
      aug:
        au:
          Chen, Kuo‐Su
          Monrouxe, Lynn
          Lu, Yi‐Hsuan
          Jenq, Chang‐Chyi
          Chang, Yeu‐Jhy
          Chang, Yu‐Che
          Chai, Pony Yee‐Chee
        affil: Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung branch, Keelung, Taiwan
      sug:
        subj:
          Learning Environment, Clinical
          Academic Achievement
          Education, Medical
          Models, Educational
          Outcomes of Education
          Human
          Systematic Review
          Meta Analysis
          Medline
          PubMed
          ERIC Database
          CINAHL Database
          Embase
          Education, Health Sciences
          Bias (Research)
          Regression
          Behavioral Changes
          Outcome Assessment
          Cognition
      ab: Context: The flipped classroom (FC), reversing lecture and homework elements of a course, is popular in medical education. The FC uses technology‐enhanced pre‐class learning to transmit knowledge, incorporating in‐class interaction to enhance higher cognitive learning. However, the FC model is expensive and research on its effectiveness remains inconclusive. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of the FC model over traditional lecture‐based (LB) learning by meta‐analysis. Methods: We systematically searched MEDLINE, PubMed, ERIC, CINAHL, EMBASE, reference lists and Association for Medical Education in Europe (AMEE) conference books. Controlled trials comparing academic outcomes between the FC and LB approaches in higher education were considered eligible. The main findings were pooled using a random‐effects model when appropriate. Results: Forty‐six studies (9026 participants) were included, comprising four randomised controlled trials (RCTs), 19 quasi‐experimental studies and 23 cohort studies. Study populations were health science (n = 32) and non health science (n = 14) students. The risk of bias was high (36/37 articles). Meta‐analyses revealed that the FC had significantly better outcomes than the LB method in examination scores (post‐intervention and pre–post change) and course grades, but not in objective structured clinical examination scores. Subgroup analyses showed the advantage of the FC was not observed in RCTs, non‐USA countries, nursing and other health science disciplines and earlier publication years (2013 and 2014). Cumulative analysis and meta‐regression suggested a tendency for progressively better outcomes by year. Outcome assessments rarely focused on behaviour change. Conclusions: The FC method is associated with greater academic achievement than the LB approach for higher‐level learning outcomes, which has become more obvious in recent years. However, results should be interpreted with caution because of the high methodological diversity, statistical heterogeneity and risk of bias in the studies used. Future studies should have high methodological rigour, a standardised FC format and utilise assessment tools evaluating higher cognitive learning and behaviour change to further examine differences between FC and LB learning.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype:
        meta analysis
        research
        systematic review
        tables/charts
        Journal Article
      ougenre: Article
    language: English
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