Effects of a Self‐Regulated Cooperative Programming Approach on Elementary Students' Programming Knowledge, Metacognitive Awareness, and Self‐Efficacy.

Background: Programming is a vital digital skill that can equip students with the necessary competencies for future employment opportunities. However, due to inadequate metacognitive awareness, self‐regulation abilities, and a lack of prior programming knowledge, elementary school students may strug...

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Publicado en:Journal of Computer Assisted Learning Vol. 42; no. 1; pp. 1 - 14
Autores principales: Liu, Chengye, Cui, Zhihao, Weng, Xiaojing
Formato: research tables/charts randomized controlled trial Journal Article
Publicado: Wiley-Blackwell Feb2026
Acceso en línea:Ver este registro en EBSCOhost
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      dt: Feb2026
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      pub: Wiley-Blackwell
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        atl: Effects of a Self‐Regulated Cooperative Programming Approach on Elementary Students' Programming Knowledge, Metacognitive Awareness, and Self‐Efficacy.
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        au:
          Liu, Chengye
          Cui, Zhihao
          Weng, Xiaojing
        affil: Department of Educational Information Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
      sug:
        subj:
          Students, Elementary Psychosocial Factors
          Programming Languages Education
          Programming Languages Evaluation
          Knowledge Evaluation
          Cognition Evaluation
          Self-Efficacy Evaluation
          Teaching Methods In Infancy and Childhood
          Outcomes of Education Evaluation
          Human
          Male
          Female
          Child
          Random Assignment
          Control Group
          Quasi-Experimental Studies
          Randomized Controlled Trials
          Questionnaires
          Thematic Analysis
          Pretest-Posttest Design
          Data Analysis Software
          Descriptive Statistics
          Regression
          Effect Size
          Post Hoc Analysis
          Analysis of Covariance
          Child: 6-12 years
          Male
          Female
      ab: Background: Programming is a vital digital skill that can equip students with the necessary competencies for future employment opportunities. However, due to inadequate metacognitive awareness, self‐regulation abilities, and a lack of prior programming knowledge, elementary school students may struggle with completing complex programming tasks. Objectives: We aim to propose a self‐regulated cooperative programming (SR‐CoP) approach. While exploring the effectiveness of the approach in students' programming knowledge, metacognitive awareness, and self‐efficacy. Methods: Participants were 113 fourth graders (54 males, 59 females). Their ages ranged from 10 to 11 years. They were randomly assigned to three groups: the control group using individual programming (C‐IdP), experimental group 1 employing SR‐CoP, and experimental group 2 employing conventional cooperative programming (C‐CoP). Results: The SR‐CoP approach significantly enhanced students' metacognitive awareness and self‐efficacy compared to the other groups. Regarding programming knowledge, no statistically significant difference were found among the three groups, suggesting that SR‐CoP supports non‐cognitive outcomes without compromising domain knowledge acquisition. Conclusions: By employing self‐regulation strategies, students engage in planning, self‐monitoring, and self‐reflection during project completion and cooperative programming activities. This practice is advantageous for enhancing elementary students' metacognitive awareness and self‐efficacy. Lay Summary: What is currently known about this topic?: The importance of programming education in developing 21st‐century skills is increasing, yet many learners still find it challenging.Cooperative learning has the potential to improve students' programming performance.The effectiveness of cooperative programming is closely related to students' self‐regulation, which are particularly important for younger learners. What does this paper add?: Designed and assessed the SR‐CoP approach for programming education.This study used quasi‐experiments to understand how self‐regulated learning could support cooperative programming among elementary school students. Implications for Practice/or Policy: The SR‐CoP approach provides programming educators with a practical pedagogy.This study offers empirical evidence for cooperative programming learning and extends the research scope of self‐regulated learning.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype:
        research
        tables/charts
        randomized controlled trial
        Journal Article
      ougenre: Article
    language: English
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