Pigeons, portals, and Pacman: Insightful problem solving and navigation using a touchscreen video game.

Video games have been used in several studies to investigate problem solving. We present empirical findings from a redesigned touchscreen navigation "grid‐world" procedure resembling the classic video game PacMan (hereafter, "pacman") played by pigeons. Our objective was to develop a procedure to st...

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Published in:Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior Vol. 125; no. 2; pp. 1 - 25
Main Authors: Rodrigues, Rafael S., Kirkman, Cyrus, Garcia‐Mijares, Miriam, Blaisdell, Aaron P.
Format: Article
Published: Wiley-Blackwell Mar2026
Subjects:
Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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      dt: Mar2026
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      pub: Wiley-Blackwell
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        10.1002/jeab.70083
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        atl: Pigeons, portals, and Pacman: Insightful problem solving and navigation using a touchscreen video game.
      aug:
        au:
          Rodrigues, Rafael S.
          Kirkman, Cyrus
          Garcia‐Mijares, Miriam
          Blaisdell, Aaron P.
        affil:
          Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
          Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA,, USA
      su:
        Awareness
        Problem solving
        Video games
        Pigeons
        Navigation
        Touch screens
        Generalization
        Maze puzzles
      sug:
        subj:
          Awareness
          Problem solving
          Video games
          Search, Detection, Navigation, Guidance, Aeronautical, and Nautical System and Instrument Manufacturing
          All other poultry production
          Video game publishers
          Video game design and development services
          Home entertainment equipment merchant wholesalers
          Doll, Toy, and Game Manufacturing
          Computer Terminal and Other Computer Peripheral Equipment Manufacturing
          Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing
          Pigeons
          Navigation
          Touch screens
          Generalization
          Maze puzzles
      keyword:
        insight
        pigeons
        video game
        insight
        pigeons
        video game
      ab: Video games have been used in several studies to investigate problem solving. We present empirical findings from a redesigned touchscreen navigation "grid‐world" procedure resembling the classic video game PacMan (hereafter, "pacman") played by pigeons. Our objective was to develop a procedure to study insight, similar to that of Epstein et al. (1984). During Training Phase 1, pigeons learned to guide a virtual pacman across a touchscreen arena to a banana goal (triggering an "eating" animation and food delivery) and to navigate around barriers. In Training Phase 2, they learned to traverse portals that transported the pacman across the arena. Each tool was trained in a distinct context: barrier navigation with banana targets and portal use with a green dot target. Finally, we tested for functional generalization of the two learned tools in a series of novel configurations of puzzle tasks (insight tests). Results showed that some subjects were able to learn how to navigate the pacman with a high degree of control and showed evidence for functional generalization and insight.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype: Article
      src: R
    language: English
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